{"product_id":"9781860642616","title":"Identity, Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World","description":"Nationalism was regarded as a positive force shaping \"modern\" societies and states but in Europe it has been overshadowed by the disasters of two world wars. Outside Europe it has continued to enjoy a heyday throughout the 20th century. Covering Turkey, Iran, Abghazia, Uzbekistan, Tajikstan, Afganistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh, this study lays bare the counter-forces unleashed by the project of nationalist modernization, and the stimulation of identity politics as the result of ruthless repression of minority languages, culture, traditions and religion - the life-blood of minority ethnicity. This study examines how these policies, which include Islam as the basis of nation-building in, for example, Pakistan and the post-Pahlavi Iran, have strengthened identity politics and the movements for opting out of the nation.","brand":"Willem Van Schendel","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47709463445822,"sku":"9781860642616","price":5591.0,"currency_code":"ZAR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4357\/7662\/products\/9781860642616.jpg?v=1707640430","url":"https:\/\/exclusivebooks.co.za\/products\/9781860642616","provider":"Exclusive Books Online","version":"1.0","type":"link"}