Civil War Supply and Strategy

Winner of the Army Historical Foundation Distinguished Writing AwardCivil War Supply and Strategy stands as a sweeping examination of the decisive link between the distribution of provisions to soldiers and the strategic movement of armies during the Civil War. Award-winning historian Earl J. Hess reveals how that dynamic served as the key to success, especially for the Union army as it undertook bold offensives striking far behind Confederate lines. How generals and their subordinates organized military resources to provide food for both men and animals under their command, he argues, proved essential to Union victory.The Union army developed a powerful logistical capability that enabled it to penetrate deep into Confederate territory and exert control over select regions of the South. Logistics and supply empowered Union offensive strategy but limited it as well; heavily dependent on supply lines, road systems, preexisting railroad lines, and natural waterways, Union strategy worked far better in the more developed Upper South. Union commanders encountered unique problems in the Deep South, where needed infrastructure was more scarce. While the Mississippi River allowed Northern armies to access the region along a narrow corridor and capture key cities and towns along its banks, the dearth of rail lines nearly stymied William T. Sherman's advance to Atlanta. In other parts of the Deep South, the Union army relied on massive strategic raids to destroy resources and propel its military might into the heart of the Confederacy. As Hess's study shows, from the perspective of maintaining food supply and moving armies, there existed two main theaters of operation, north and south, that proved just as important as the three conventional eastern, western, and Trans-Mississippi theaters. Indeed, the conflict in the Upper South proved so different from that in the Deep South that the ability of Federal officials to negotiate the logistical complications associated with army mobility played a crucial role in determining the outcome of the war.

Civil War Supply and Strategy is a triumph. It insightfully connects strategy, supply, and the movement of armies, demonstrating U.S. ability and learning proved at least equal to what the Prussians showed in 1866 and 1870. Hess, our most capable thematic Civil War military historian, ties themes to narrative more effectively than ever before. He clearly explores the strategic impact of the different supply and transportation capacities of the Upper and Lower South, and displays his exceptional gift for research and offers a deep sense of context in terms of both nineteenth-century America and nineteenth-century warfare."" - Samuel J. Watson, author of Peacekeepers and Conquerors: The Army Officer Corps on the American Frontier, 1821-1846 ""Earl J. Hess has long been hailed as this generation's most prolific and innovative historian of the sectional conflict's military course. In this scrupulously researched and discriminating volume, he expands upon themes explored in his earlier work on Civil War logistical systems, turning his trained eye upon the critical role that institutional supply networks and local resources played in determining the strategic choices of military leadership from the Trans-Mississippi to the Chesapeake. The result is a highly original work of scholarship that will challenge many readers' basic assumptions of the circumstances that led to Union victory and Confederate defeat. Its contribution to Civil War strategic and operational studies is vast."" - Christopher S. Stowe, professor of military history, Marine Corps University

Earl J. Hess, Stewart W. McClelland Chair in History at Lincoln Memorial University, is the author of more than twenty books on the Civil War, including Civil War Infantry Tactics: Training, Combat, and Small-Unit Effectiveness, winner of the 2016 Tom Watson Brown Book Award from the Society of Civil War Historians.