Angel Veneration and Christology

The public worship of the risen Christ as depicted in John's Apocalypse directly contradicts the guidingangel's emphasis that only God should be worshiped (Revelation 19:10; 22:8-9). In Angel Veneration and Christology , Loren Stuckenbruck explores this contradiction in light of angelveneration in Early Judaism. Stuckenbruck surveys a wide variety of Jewish traditions related to angelic worship and discovers proscriptions against sacrificing toangels; prohibitions against making images ofangels; rejections of the "two powers"; second-century Christian apologetic accusations specifically directed against Jews; and, most importantly, the refusal tradition, widespread in Jewish and Jewish-Christian writings, wherein angelic messengers refuse the veneration of the seer and exhort the worship of God alone. While evidence forthe practice of angelvenerationamong Jews of antiquity (Qumran, pseudepigraphal literature, and inscriptions from Asia Minor) does not furnish the immediate background for the worship of Christ, Stuckenbruck demonstrates that the very fact that safeguards to a monotheistic framework were issued at all throws light on the Christian practice of worshiping Jesus. The way the Apocalypse adapts the refusal tradition illuminates Revelation's declarations about and depictions of Jesus. Though the refusal tradition itself only safeguards the worship of God, Stuckenbruck traces how the tradition has been split so that the angelophanic elements were absorbed into the christophany. As Stuckenbruck shows, an angelomorphicChristology, shared by the author of Revelation and its readers, functions to preserve the author's monotheistic emphasis as well as to emphasize Christ's superiority over theangelsâsetting the stage for the worship of the Lamb in a monotheistic framework that does not contradict the angelic directive to worship God alone.

"This is an able and well-argued work. The authors discussion of the relationship between the angels and the Lamb in Revelation is original and persuasive." -- William Adler, Journal of Biblical Literature, "Stuckenbruck offers a sensitive analysis of the christology of the Apocalypse in the light of Jewish reverential treatment of angels... Anyone concerned with ancient Jewish religious thought and practice, and/or with the place of Christ in the religious life of earliest Christianity, is advised to take account of this study." -- Larry Hurtado, Journal of Theological Studies

Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Ph.D., Princeton Theological Seminary) is Professor of New Testament Studies in the Faculty of Protestant Theology at the University of München. He is also an ordained minister in the Independent Christian Church/Church of Christ.