Fantasy in the Grotto: Otherworldly Adventures in Classical Chinese Literature

In a fourth-century tale, two farmers get lost in a pleasure grotto and unwittingly sever their fragile ties with the mortal world. Surprisingly, this simple cautionary fantasy spawned a complex literary tradition. The narrative instability of the tale was part of its snowballing appeal. Early in the tale’s journey through literary history, the girls met by the farmers morphed into female entertainers, Daoist priestesses, and spiritual transcendents. This malleability offered a wealth of artistic possibilities. The feature of “time dilation” and its associated dangers was also to become a flexible literary instrument and a defining feature of grotto fantasy literature.

Timothy Wai Keung Chan received his PhD from The University of Colorado, Boulder. He has taught at The Ohio State University, The University of Sydney, and Hong Kong Baptist University, and is currently professor at The Education University of Hong Kong. He authored Considering the End: Mortality in Early Medieval Chinese Poetic Representation (Brill, 2012) and edited two anthologies in the series “Chinese Literature and Religion” (Fenghuang, 2018; Wanjuanlou, 2025). He publishes his research findings on Chinese literary and religious topics in English and Chinese journals.