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Alan Turing: The Enigma
A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER The official book behind the Academy Award-winning film The Imitation Game, starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley It is only a slight exaggeration to say that the British mathematician Alan Turing (1912-1954) saved the Allies from the Nazis, invented the computer and artificial intelligence, and anticipated gay liberation by decades--all before his suicide at age forty-one. This New York Times-bestselling biography of the founder of computer science, with a new preface by the author that addresses Turing's royal pardon in 2013, is the definitive account of an extraordinary mind and life. Capturing both the inner and outer drama of Turing's life, Andrew Hodges tells how Turing's revolutionary idea of 1936--the concept of a universal machine--laid the foundation for the modern computer and how Turing brought the idea to practical realization in 1945 with his electronic design. The book also tells how this work was directly related to Turing's leading role in breaking the German Enigma ciphers during World War II, a scientific triumph that was critical to Allied victory in the Atlantic.At the same time, this is the tragic account of a man who, despite his wartime service, was eventually arrested, stripped of his security clearance, and forced to undergo a humiliating treatment program--all for trying to live honestly in a society that defined homosexuality as a crime. The inspiration for a major motion picture starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightley, Alan Turing: The Enigma is a gripping story of mathematics, computers, cryptography, and homosexual persecution.
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Essential Turing
Alan Turing, pioneer of computing and WWII codebreaker, is one of the most important and influential thinkers of the twentieth century. In this volume for the first time his key writings are made available to a broad, non-specialist readership. They make fascinating reading both in their own right and for their historic significance: contemporary computational theory, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life all spring from this ground-breakingwork, which is also rich in philosophical and logical insight. An introduction by leading Turing expert Jack Copeland provides the background and guides the reader through the selection. About Alan TuringAlan Turing FRS OBE, (1912-1954) studied mathematics at King's College, Cambridge. He was elected a Fellow of King's in March 1935, at the age of only 22. In the same year he invented the abstract computing machines - now known simply as Turing machines - on which all subsequent stored-program digital computers are modelled. During 1936-1938 Turing continued his studies, now at Princeton University. He completed a PhD in mathematical logic, analysing the notion of 'intuition' in mathematics and introducing the idea of oracular computation, now fundamental in mathematical recursion theory. An 'oracle' is an abstract device able to solve mathematical problems too difficult for the universal Turing machine.In the summer of 1938 Turing returned to his Fellowship at King's. When WWII started in 1939 he joined the wartime headquarters of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire. Building on earlier work by Polish cryptanalysts, Turing contributed crucially to the design of electro-mechanical machines ('bombes') used to decipher Enigma, the code by means of which the German armed forces sought to protect their radio communications. Turing's work on theversion of Enigma used by the German navy was vital to the battle for supremacy in the North Atlantic. He also contributed to the attack on the cyphers known as 'Fish'. Based on binary teleprinter code, Fish was used during the latter part of the war in preference to morse-based Enigma for the encryption ofhigh-level signals, for example messages from Hitler and other members of the German High Command. It is estimated that the work of GC&CS shortened the war in Europe by at least two years. Turing received the Order of the British Empire for the part he played.In 1945, the war over, Turing was recruited to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London, his brief to design and develop an electronic computer - a concrete form of the universal Turing machine. Turing's report setting out his design for the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was the first relatively complete specification of an electronic stored-program general-purpose digital computer. Delays beyond Turing's control resulted in NPL's losing the race to build the world's first workingelectronic stored-program digital computer - an honour tha
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Alan Turing: The Enigma
Alan Turing was a brilliant Cambridge mathematician who has been described as the father of the modern computer. He masterminded the cracking of the German Enigma code and was caught up in the secrecy and bureaucracy of World War II and afterwards - continually frustrated in his desire to build a machine which could think, as those with power over him feared both his homosexuality and indiscretion. This is an account of his life, which ended by his own hand.
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Alan M. Turing
'In a short life he accomplished much, and to the roll of great names in the history of his particular studies added his own.' So is described one of the greatest figures of the twentieth century, yet Alan Turing's name was not widely recognised until his contribution to the breaking of the German Enigma code became public in the 1970s. The story of Turing's life fascinates and in the years since his suicide, Turing's reputation has only grown, as his contributions to logic, mathematics, computing, artificial intelligence and computational biology have become better appreciated. To commemorate the centenary of Turing's birth, this republication of his mother's biography is enriched by a new foreword by Martin Davis and a never-before-published memoir by Alan's older brother. The contrast between this memoir and the original biography reveals tensions and sheds new light on Turing's relationship with his family, and on the man himself.
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Alan M. Turing
'In a short life he accomplished much, and to the roll of great names in the history of his particular studies added his own.' So is described one of the greatest figures of the twentieth century, yet Alan Turing's name was not widely recognised until his contribution to the breaking of the German Enigma code became public in the 1970s. The story of Turing's life fascinates and in the years since his suicide, Turing's reputation has only grown, as his contributions to logic, mathematics, computing, artificial intelligence and computational biology have become better appreciated. To commemorate the centenary of Turing's birth, this republication of his mother's biography is enriched by a new foreword by Martin Davis and a never-before-published memoir by Alan's older brother. The contrast between this memoir and the original biography reveals tensions and sheds new light on Turing's relationship with his family, and on the man himself.
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Alan Turing and his Contemporaries
Secret wartime projects in code-breaking, radar and ballistics produced a wealth of ideas and technologies that kick-started the development of digital computers. This is the story of the people and projects that flourished in the post-war period. By 1955 computers had begun to appear in the market-place. The Information Age was dawning and Alan Turing and his contemporaries held centre stage. Their influence is still discernable deep down within today’s hardware and software.
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Great Philosophers: Turing
From WW2 code-breaker to Artificial Intelligence - a fascinating account of the remarkable Alan Turing.Alan Turing's 1936 paper On Computable Numbers was a landmark of twentieth-century thought. It not only provided the principle of the post-war computer, but also gave an entirely new approach to the philosophy of the mind. Influenced by his crucial codebreaking work during the war, and by practical pioneering of the first electronic computers, Turing argued that all the operations of the mind could be performed by computers. His thesis is the cornerstone of modern Artificial Intelligence. Andrew Hodges gives a fresh analysis of Turing's work, relating it to his extraordinary life.
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Annotated Turing
Programming Legend Charles Petzold unlocks the secrets of the extraordinary and prescient 1936 paper by Alan M. Turing Mathematician Alan Turing invented an imaginary computer known as the Turing Machine; in an age before computers, he explored the concept of what it meant to be computable, creating the field of computability theory in the process, a foundation of present-day computer programming. The book expands Turing’s original 36-page paper with additional background chapters and extensive annotations; the author elaborates on and clarifies many of Turing’s statements, making the original difficult-to-read document accessible to present day programmers, computer science majors, math geeks, and others. Interwoven into the narrative are the highlights of Turing’s own life: his years at Cambridge and Princeton, his secret work in cryptanalysis during World War II, his involvement in seminal computer projects, his speculations about artificial intelligence, his arrest and prosecution for the crime of "gross indecency," and his early death by apparent suicide at the age of 41.
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Turing’s Connectionism
Christof Teuscher revives, analyzes, and simulates Turing's ideas, applying them to different types of problems, and building and training Turing's machines using evolutionary algorithms. In a little known paper entitled 'Intelligent Machinery' Turing investigated connectionist networks, but his work was dismissed as a 'schoolboy essay'and it was left unpublished until 1968, 14 years after his death. This is not a book about today's (classical) neural networks, but about the neuron network-like structures proposed by Turing. One of its novel features is that it actually goes beyond Turing's ideas by proposing new machines. The book also contains a Foreward by B. Jack Copeland and D. Proudfoot.
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Parsing the Turing Test
An exhaustive work that represents a landmark exploration of both the philosophical and methodological issues surrounding the search for true artificial intelligence. Distinguished psychologists, computer scientists, philosophers, and programmers from around the world debate weighty issues such as whether a self-conscious computer would create an internet ‘world mind’. This hugely important volume explores nothing less than the future of the human race itself.
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Alan Turing and the Enigma Code
Over the years, early accounts of the codebreaking work undertaken at Bletchley Park during the Second World War contained many factual errors. This was only natural: many of the authors of these accounts were veterans who did not have access to official records. They had to rely solely on their own recollection of events that had transpired more than thirty years prior.As rules were relaxed, more Bletchley Park veterans wrote their own accounts. Some historians documenting the history of British intelligence during World War II repeated some of the more apocryphal stories. These gradually became part of the mythology surrounding Bletchley Park in print media, as well as in both stage and film productions on the subject over the years - until now.In Alan Turing and the Enigma Code: Secrets, Lies and Myths of Bletchley Park in World War II, Joel Greenberg has handpicked twenty of the most common myths associated with Bletchley Park during World War II (for example, the myth that thousands of pigeons were used at Bletchley Park to carry secret messages to British forces in France). In incredible detail, the origin of each myth is described, alongside the inaccuracies, secrets and sometimes even lies that have sustained it over the years, before revealing the truth behind each one. This is a wholly unique look at Bletchley Park: no other book on the subject tells its story in this way, and it will be of great interest to anyone interested in the world of intelligence work carried out during World War II.
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Turing Test Argument
This book departs from existing accounts of Alan Turing's imitation game and test by placing Turing's proposal in its historical, social, and cultural context.It reconstructs a controversy in England, 1946–1952, over the intellectual capabilities of digital computers, which led Turing to propose his test. It argues that the Turing test is best understood not as a practical experiment, but as a thought experiment in the modern scientific tradition of Galileo Galilei. The logic of the Turing test argument is reconstructed from the rhetoric of Turing’s irony and wit. Turing believed that learning machines should be understood as a new kind of species, and their thinking as different from human thinking and yet capable of imitating it. He thought that the possibilities of the machines he envisioned were not utopian dreams. And yet he hoped that they would rival and surpass chauvinists and intellectuals who sacrifice independent thinking to maintain their power. These would be transformed into ordinary people, as work once considered 'intellectual' would be transformed into non-intellectual, 'mechanical' work.The Turing Test Argument will appeal to scholars and students in the sciences and humanities and all those interested in Turing's vision of the future of intelligent machines in society and nature.
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Turing's Mistake
AI is sweeping away familiar cultures and we have no idea where it is taking us. The older generation tends to stick up for humanity and the younger generation for post-humanity. It is a serious tension. Everywhere there is a mood of unsettlement at not knowing where the unstoppable momentum of AI will go and whether we will like the outcome. For the first time in the history of humanity, we do not really have a good grip on what the role of humans is on the planet.This predicament can be traced to widespread acceptance of two assumptions proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 when he asked, “Can computers think?”: that intelligence is disembodied and its presence can be determined by the Turing test. The AI field has been obsessed by a quest for Artificial General Intelligence, abbreviated AGI, in fulfillment of Turing’s proposals. This book argues that AI has ignored a gaping hole: the issue of tacit knowledge, which is essential for human intelligence and can never by known by machines. The seekers of AGI have a long wait ahead.For the rest of us, non-human machine intelligence is already emerging in AI agentic nerworks and is well on its way of dragging us into an unwanted and unwelcome world where not-very-intelligent machines force conformity to their goals. We can escape this yoke by renouncing the idea that we are a form of machine. We can celebrate and reawaken the powers we have, such as care, understanding, and respect, that no machine can have.
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Turing Test
This book gives the most comprehensive, in depth and contemporary assessment of this classic topic in artificial intelligence. It is the first to elaborate in such detail the numerous conflicting points of view on many aspects of this multifaceted, controversial subject. It offers new insights into Turing's own interpretation and is essential reading for research on the Turing test and for teaching undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, computer science, and cognitive science.
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Turing's Mistake
AI is sweeping away familiar cultures and we have no idea where it is taking us. The older generation tends to stick up for humanity and the younger generation for post-humanity. It is a serious tension. Everywhere there is a mood of unsettlement at not knowing where the unstoppable momentum of AI will go and whether we will like the outcome. For the first time in the history of humanity, we do not really have a good grip on what the role of humans is on the planet.This predicament can be traced to widespread acceptance of two assumptions proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 when he asked, “Can computers think?”: that intelligence is disembodied and its presence can be determined by the Turing test. The AI field has been obsessed by a quest for Artificial General Intelligence, abbreviated AGI, in fulfillment of Turing’s proposals. This book argues that AI has ignored a gaping hole: the issue of tacit knowledge, which is essential for human intelligence and can never by known by machines. The seekers of AGI have a long wait ahead.For the rest of us, non-human machine intelligence is already emerging in AI agentic nerworks and is well on its way of dragging us into an unwanted and unwelcome world where not-very-intelligent machines force conformity to their goals. We can escape this yoke by renouncing the idea that we are a form of machine. We can celebrate and reawaken the powers we have, such as care, understanding, and respect, that no machine can have.
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Turing's Imitation Game
Can you tell the difference between talking to a human and talking to a machine? Or, is it possible to create a machine which is able to converse like a human? In fact, what is it that even makes us human? Turing's Imitation Game, commonly known as the Turing Test, is fundamental to the science of artificial intelligence. Involving an interrogator conversing with hidden identities, both human and machine, the test strikes at the heart of any questions about the capacity of machines to behave as humans. While this subject area has shifted dramatically in the last few years, this book offers an up-to-date assessment of Turing's Imitation Game, its history, context and implications, all illustrated with practical Turing tests. The contemporary relevance of this topic and the strong emphasis on example transcripts makes this book an ideal companion for undergraduate courses in artificial intelligence, engineering or computer science.
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Turing Computability
Turing's famous 1936 paper introduced a formal definition of a computing machine, a Turing machine. This model led to both the development of actual computers and to computability theory, the study of what machines can and cannot compute. This book presents classical computability theory from Turing and Post to current results and methods, and their use in studying the information content of algebraic structures, models, and their relation to Peano arithmetic. The author presents the subject as an art to be practiced, and an art in the aesthetic sense of inherent beauty which all mathematicians recognize in their subject. Part I gives a thorough development of the foundations of computability, from the definition of Turing machines up to finite injury priority arguments. Key topics include relative computability, and computably enumerable sets, those which can be effectively listed but not necessarily effectively decided, such as the theorems of Peano arithmetic. Part II includes the study of computably open and closed sets of reals and basis and nonbasis theorems for effectively closed sets. Part III covers minimal Turing degrees. Part IV is an introduction to games and their use in proving theorems. Finally, Part V offers a short history of computability theory.The author has honed the content over decades according to feedback from students, lecturers, and researchers around the world. Most chapters include exercises, and the material is carefully structured according to importance and difficulty. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in computer science and mathematics and researchers engaged with computability and mathematical logic.
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Turing's Children
This book explores the profound legacy of Alan Turing, and how his five great ideas have been developed by the winners of the Turing Prize to shape the digital world we live in today. These five groundbreaking concepts—universal computability and insolvability, cryptography, electronic digital computers and software, artificial intelligence (AI), and computational biology—serve as the pillars of the narrative. Turing's Children makes the complex ideas in the work of the Turing prize winners accessible to a broad audience. It traces the evolution of these ideas from abstract mathematical principles to their real-world applications, demonstrating their influence on everyday life. Readers will discover how Turing's legacy is woven into the fabric of modern technology: from the smartphones in our pockets and secure online banking, to the development of life-saving drugs and the conversational abilities of AI systems like ChatGPT.The book weaves together historical anecdotes, profiles of pioneering scientists, and vivid examples of current innovations. It offers a comprehensive view of how Turing's vision continues to inspire breakthroughs across science and technology. Turing's Children reveals the enduring relevance of Turing's ideas and the ongoing quest to push the boundaries of what machines—and humanity—can achieve.
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