Search results for "community data"
Items we need to order for you
Community Data
Community Data offers a new toolkit for data storytelling in community settings, one purpose-built for goals like inclusion, empowerment, and impact. Data science and visualization has spread into new domains it was designed for - community organizing, education, journalism, civic governance, and more. The dominant computational methods and processes, which have not changed in response, are causing significant discriminatory and harmful impacts, documented by leading scholars across a variety of populations. Informed by 15 years of collaborations in academic and professional settings with nonprofits and marginalized populations, the book articulates a new approach for aligning the processes and media of data work with social good outcomes, learning from the practices of newspapers, museums, community groups, artists, and libraries. This book introduces a community-driven framework as a response to the urgent need to realign data theories and methods around justice and empowerment to avoid further replicating harmful power dynamics and ensure everyone has a seat at the table in data-centered community processes. It offers a broader toolbox for working with data and presenting it, pushing beyond the limited vocabulary of surveys, spreadsheets, charts and graphs.
R 1,624.00
R 3,017.98
Data-Driven Smart Community Design
This book couples data analytics with social behavioural studies and participatory design to derive deeper insights on city dwellers’ present needs and future aspirations, thereby enabling the development of targeted spatial and programmatic interventions for diverse communities.Public housing in Singapore has been regarded internationally as a success story – and this book outlines the latest strategies and concepts for addressing the emerging social challenges of ageing population, shrinking household size, diverse demographics and widening inequality fostering resilient neighbourhoods. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, it: • Outlines an innovative data-driven planning process for housing neighbourhood and community design • Provides a framework for planners and designers to synthesize qualitative and quantitative data analyses • Presents a comprehensive set of tested urban analytics tools, digital platforms and participatory toolkits used to design and develop community initiatives.A recommended reading for students undertaking urban planning and design, urban design, housing design, architecture, real estate, urban sociology, and community design, the book’s strategies for evidence-based neighbourhood designs will also appeal to practitioners and policy makers.
R 2,727.54
Data-Driven Smart Community Design
This book couples data analytics with social behavioural studies and participatory design to derive deeper insights on city dwellers’ present needs and future aspirations, thereby enabling the development of targeted spatial and programmatic interventions for diverse communities.Public housing in Singapore has been regarded internationally as a success story – and this book outlines the latest strategies and concepts for addressing the emerging social challenges of ageing population, shrinking household size, diverse demographics and widening inequality fostering resilient neighbourhoods. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, it: • Outlines an innovative data-driven planning process for housing neighbourhood and community design • Provides a framework for planners and designers to synthesize qualitative and quantitative data analyses • Presents a comprehensive set of tested urban analytics tools, digital platforms and participatory toolkits used to design and develop community initiatives.A recommended reading for students undertaking urban planning and design, urban design, housing design, architecture, real estate, urban sociology, and community design, the book’s strategies for evidence-based neighbourhood designs will also appeal to practitioners and policy makers.
R 9,325.10
Social Media Communication Data for Recovery
This book explores the possibility of using social media data for detecting socio-economic recovery activities. In the last decade, there have been intensive research activities focusing on social media during and after disasters. This approach, which views people’s communication on social media as a sensor for real-time situations, has been widely adopted as the “people as sensor” approach. Furthermore, to improve recovery efforts after large-scale disasters, detecting communities’ real-time recovery situations is essential, since conventional socio-economic recovery indicators, such as governmental statistics, are not published in real time. Thanks to its timeliness, using social media data can fill the gap. Motivated by this possibility, this book especially focuses on the relationships between people’s communication on Twitter and Facebook pages, and socio-economic recovery activities as reflected in the used-car market data and the housing market data in the case of two major disasters: the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The book pursues an interdisciplinary approach, combining e.g. disaster recovery studies, crisis informatics, and economics. In terms of its contributions, firstly, the book sheds light on the “people as sensors” approach for detecting socio-economic recovery activities, which has not been thoroughly studied to date but has the potential to improve situation awareness during the recovery phase. Secondly, the book proposes new socio-economic recovery indicators: used-car market data and housing market data. Thirdly, in the context of using social media during the recovery phase, the results demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between social media data posted both by people who are at or near disaster-stricken areas and by those who are farther away.
R 4,353.26
Working with the American Community Survey in R
This book serves as a hands-on guide to the "acs" R package for demographers, planners, and other researchers who work with American Community Survey (ACS) data. It gathers the most common problems associated with using ACS data and implements functions as a package in the R statistical programming language. The package defines a new "acs" class object (containing estimates, standard errors, and metadata for tables from the ACS) with methods to deal appropriately with common tasks (e.g., creating and combining subgroups or geographies, automatic fetching of data via the Census API, mathematical operations on estimates, tests of significance, plots of confidence intervals).
R 1,492.57
Social Media Communication Data for Recovery
This book explores the possibility of using social media data for detecting socio-economic recovery activities. In the last decade, there have been intensive research activities focusing on social media during and after disasters. This approach, which views people’s communication on social media as a sensor for real-time situations, has been widely adopted as the “people as sensor” approach. Furthermore, to improve recovery efforts after large-scale disasters, detecting communities’ real-time recovery situations is essential, since conventional socio-economic recovery indicators, such as governmental statistics, are not published in real time. Thanks to its timeliness, using social media data can fill the gap. Motivated by this possibility, this book especially focuses on the relationships between people’s communication on Twitter and Facebook pages, and socio-economic recovery activities as reflected in the used-car market data and the housing market data in the case of two major disasters: the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The book pursues an interdisciplinary approach, combining e.g. disaster recovery studies, crisis informatics, and economics. In terms of its contributions, firstly, the book sheds light on the “people as sensors” approach for detecting socio-economic recovery activities, which has not been thoroughly studied to date but has the potential to improve situation awareness during the recovery phase. Secondly, the book proposes new socio-economic recovery indicators: used-car market data and housing market data. Thirdly, in the context of using social media during the recovery phase, the results demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between social media data posted both by people who are at or near disaster-stricken areas and by those who are farther away.
R 4,631.33
Measuring Community Indicators
Drug and alcohol abuse monitoring and prevention has been pushed from the national to the local and community level. How do communities go about measuring the effectiveness of their drug and alcohol abuse programs? Aimed at providing communities and researchers with the needed analytic and practical tools for assessing their programs, Measuring Community Indicators begins with a presentation of how to collect community indicator data. The authors argue that while highly aggregated national data perform a number of important research and policy functions, such data are distinct from community indicator data and are of questionable use to local policy-oriented officials. They present a theoretical perspective--developed from community systems theory--as a basis for the practical strategies outlined in the book. They then cover such topics as different community indicators, the role of community surveys in filling the gaps in available "official statistics," and specific techniques for the primary collection of community indicator data (such as geographical mapping, systems of community data acquisition, and community contact maintenance). Researchers and evaluators of substance abuse and substance abuse programs will find this book provides them with the interdisciplinary information necessary to conceptualize and measure community drug and alcohol problems.
R 3,110.43
Community-Built Databases
Wikipedia, Flickr, You Tube, Facebook, LinkedIn are all examples of large community-built databases, although with quite diverse purposes and collaboration patterns. Their usage and dissemination will further grow introducing e.g. new semantics, personalization, or interactive media.Pardede delivers the first comprehensive research reference on community-built databases. The contributions discuss various technical and social aspects of research in and development in areas like in Web science, social networks, and collaborative information systems.Pardede delivers the first comprehensive research reference on community-built databases. The contributions discuss various technical and social aspects of research in and development in areas like in Web science, social networks, and collaborative information systems.
R 3,052.61
Big Data Analysis on Global Community Formation and Isolation
In this book, the authors analyze big data on global interdependence caused by the flows of commodities, money, and people, using a network science approach to obtain differing views of globalization and to clarify the facts on isolation of communities.Globalization reduces international economic inequality, i.e., it allows emerging countries to catch up while it increases relative poverty in some advanced countries. How should this trade-off between international and domestic inequalities be resolved? At the same time, the reduction of biocultural diversity caused by globalization needs to be avoided. What kind of change is required in local communities to conserve biocultural diversity? On the issue of commodity flow, research results of the supply-chain network, isolation in industry, and resource flows and stocks are presented in this book. For monetary flow, ownership networks, value-added networks, and profit shifting were studied; and regarding the flow of people, linkage of ethnic groups, immigrant assimilation, and refugees were examined. Based on the resulting view of globalization and isolation, the development of the isolation index using machine learning is discussed. Finally, recommendations for evidence-based policymaking in the United Nations are considered.
R 5,318.65
Big Data Analysis on Global Community Formation and Isolation
In this book, the authors analyze big data on global interdependence caused by the flows of commodities, money, and people, using a network science approach to obtain differing views of globalization and to clarify the facts on isolation of communities.Globalization reduces international economic inequality, i.e., it allows emerging countries to catch up while it increases relative poverty in some advanced countries. How should this trade-off between international and domestic inequalities be resolved? At the same time, the reduction of biocultural diversity caused by globalization needs to be avoided. What kind of change is required in local communities to conserve biocultural diversity? On the issue of commodity flow, research results of the supply-chain network, isolation in industry, and resource flows and stocks are presented in this book. For monetary flow, ownership networks, value-added networks, and profit shifting were studied; and regarding the flow of people, linkage of ethnic groups, immigrant assimilation, and refugees were examined. Based on the resulting view of globalization and isolation, the development of the isolation index using machine learning is discussed. Finally, recommendations for evidence-based policymaking in the United Nations are considered.
R 4,722.50
Communicating with Data Visualisation
How can you transform a spreadsheet of numbers into a clear, compelling story that your audience will want to pass on? This book is a step-by-step guide (honed through the authors′ Guardian masterclasses, workshops and seminars) to bringing data to life through visualisations, from static charts and maps to interactive infographics and motion graphics.Introducing a four-step framework to creating engaging and innovative visualisations, it helps you to:· Find the human stories in your datasets· Design a visual story that will resonate with your audience· Make a clear, persuasive visual that represents your data truthfully· Refine your work to ensure your visual expresses your story in the best possible way.This book also includes a portfolio of best-practice examples and annotated templates to help you choose the right visual for the right audience, and repurpose your work for different contexts.
R 5,915.00
Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology
Ecological data has several special properties: the presence or absence of species on a semi-quantitative abundance scale; non-linear relationships between species and environmental factors; and high inter-correlations among species and among environmental variables. The analysis of such data is important to the interpretation of relationships within plant and animal communities and with their environments. In this corrected version of Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology, without using complex mathematics, the contributors demonstrate the methods that have proven most useful, with examples, exercises and case-studies. Chapters explain in an elementary way powerful data analysis techniques such as logic regression, canonical correspondence analysis, and kriging.
R 2,449.67
Communicating with Data
Communication is a critical yet often overlooked part of data science. Communicating with Data aims to help students and researchers write about their insights in a way that is both compelling and faithful to the data. General advice on science writing is also provided, including how to distill findings into a story and organize and revise the story, and how to write clearly, concisely, and precisely. This is an excellent resource for students who want tolearn how to write about scientific findings, and for instructors who are teaching a science course in communication or a course with a writing component. Communicating with Data consists of five parts. Part I helps the novice learn to write by reading the work of others. Part II delves into the specifics of how to describe data at a level appropriate for publication, create informative and effective visualizations, and communicate an analysis pipeline through well-written, reproducible code. Part III demonstrates how to reduce a data analysis to a compelling story and organize and write the first draft of a technical paper. Part IVaddresses revision; this includes advice on writing about statistical findings in a clear and accurate way, general writing advice, and strategies for proof reading and revising. Part V offers advice about communication strategies beyond the page, which include giving talks, building a professional network, andparticipating in online communities. This book also provides 22 portfolio prompts that extend the guidance and examples in the earlier parts of the book and help writers build their portfolio of data communication.
R 5,027.00
Community-Built Databases
Wikipedia, Flickr, You Tube, Facebook, LinkedIn are all examples of large community-built databases, although with quite diverse purposes and collaboration patterns. Their usage and dissemination will further grow introducing e.g. new semantics, personalization, or interactive media.Pardede delivers the first comprehensive research reference on community-built databases. The contributions discuss various technical and social aspects of research in and development in areas like in Web science, social networks, and collaborative information systems.Pardede delivers the first comprehensive research reference on community-built databases. The contributions discuss various technical and social aspects of research in and development in areas like in Web science, social networks, and collaborative information systems.
R 4,668.10
Community Quality-of-Life Indicators
This book is a compilation of cases of best work in community indicators research. The cases describe communities that have launched their own community indicators programs. Elements that are included in the descriptions are the history of the community indicators work within the target region, the planning of community indicators, the actual indicators that were selected, the data collection process, the reporting of the results, and the use of the indicators to guide community development decisions and public policy. Community planners, community indicators researchers and urban planning specialists will find this book very helpful in learning from communities that have done community indicators work and have done it well.
R 4,647.67
User Community Discovery
This book redefines community discovery in the new world of Online Social Networks and Web 2.0 applications, through real-world problems and applications in the context of the Web, pointing out the current and future challenges of the field. Particular emphasis is placed on the issues of community representation, efficiency and scalability, detection of communities in hypergraphs, such as multi-mode and multi-relational networks, characterization of social media communities and online privacy aspects of online communities.User Community Discovery is for computer scientists, data scientists, social scientists and complex systems researchers, as well as students within these disciplines, while the connections to real-world problem settings and applications makes the book appealing for engineers and practitioners in the industry, in particular those interested in the highly attractive fields of data science and big data analytics.
R 1,535.07
Communicating with Data Visualisation
How can you transform a spreadsheet of numbers into a clear, compelling story that your audience will want to pass on? This book is a step-by-step guide (honed through the authors′ Guardian masterclasses, workshops and seminars) to bringing data to life through visualisations, from static charts and maps to interactive infographics and motion graphics.Introducing a four-step framework to creating engaging and innovative visualisations, it helps you to:· Find the human stories in your datasets· Design a visual story that will resonate with your audience· Make a clear, persuasive visual that represents your data truthfully· Refine your work to ensure your visual expresses your story in the best possible way.This book also includes a portfolio of best-practice examples and annotated templates to help you choose the right visual for the right audience, and repurpose your work for different contexts.
R 3,002.00
Empowered by Data
Learn to build an analytics community in your organization from scratch How to Build a Data Community shows readers how to create analytics and data communities within their organizations. Celebrated author Eva Murray relies on intuitive and practical advice structured as step-by-step guidance to demonstrate the creation of new data communities. How to Build a Data Community uses concrete insights gleaned from real-world case studies to describe, in full detail, all the critical components of a data community. Readers will discover: What analytics communities are and what they look likeWhy data-driven organizations need analytics communitiesHow selected businesses and nonprofits have applied these concepts successfully and what their journey to a data-driven culture looked like.How they can establish their own communities and what they can do to ensure their community grows and flourishes Perfect for analytics professionals who are responsible for making policy-level decisions about data in their firms, the book is also a must-have for data practitioners and consultants who wish to make positive changes in the organizations with which they work.
R 797.00
R 328.00
Using Data-Based Processes to Create Sustainable Change in Your School and Community
Rooted in the idea that education is an open, dynamic system composed of a continuous interchange of components, this eye-opening resource presents a data-based, process-focused framework for solving the unique problems of your specific school or system. Counter to popular ‘quick fix’ and intervention-based strategies, this book reflects the holistic process required for educational reform that can be sustained and continuously improved over time. With a focus on determining and implementing solutions, the book features vignettes and brief case studies, reflective questions, activity matrices, and helpful infographics that bring key ideas to life. Using Data-Based Processes to Create Sustainable Change is key reading for school and district leaders, administrators, and professional development organizations interested in supporting the development of a critical mass of collaborative faculty and staff.
R 1,668.79
Business Data Communications and Networking
The increasing business use of wireless and mobile technologies on a variety of devices has accelerated the need for a better understanding of the technologies involved. ""Business Data Communications and Networking: A Research Perspective"" addresses the key issues for businesses utilizing data communications and the increasing importance of networking technologies in business. ""Business Data Communications and Networking: A Research Perspective"" covers a series of technical advances in the field while highlighting their respective contributions to business or organizational goals, and centers on the issues of network-based applications, mobility, wireless networks, and network security.
R 3,951.38
Qualitative Research Methods for Community Development
The second edition of Qualitative Research Methods for Community Development teaches the basic skills, tools, and methods of qualitative research with special attention to the needs of community practitioners. This book teaches students entering planning, community development, nonprofit management, social work, and similar applied fields the core skills necessary to conduct systematic research designed to empower communities and promote social change.Focusing on the basic elements of qualitative research, such as field observation, interviewing, focus groups, and content analysis, this second edition of this book provides an overview of core methods and theoretical underpinnings of successful research. It also includes two new chapters on qualitative data analysis software and techniques for conducting online qualitative interviews and focus groups.From housing, community organizing, neighborhood planning, and urban revitalization, this book gives students the skills they need to undertake their own projects and provides professionals a valuable reference for their future research. This book serves as a primary text for courses in applied qualitative research and as a reference book for professionals and community-based researchers.
R 6,847.75
Qualitative Research Methods for Community Development
The second edition of Qualitative Research Methods for Community Development teaches the basic skills, tools, and methods of qualitative research with special attention to the needs of community practitioners. This book teaches students entering planning, community development, nonprofit management, social work, and similar applied fields the core skills necessary to conduct systematic research designed to empower communities and promote social change.Focusing on the basic elements of qualitative research, such as field observation, interviewing, focus groups, and content analysis, this second edition of this book provides an overview of core methods and theoretical underpinnings of successful research. It also includes two new chapters on qualitative data analysis software and techniques for conducting online qualitative interviews and focus groups.From housing, community organizing, neighborhood planning, and urban revitalization, this book gives students the skills they need to undertake their own projects and provides professionals a valuable reference for their future research. This book serves as a primary text for courses in applied qualitative research and as a reference book for professionals and community-based researchers.
R 1,672.63
Secure Group Communications Over Data Networks
The ubiquitous nature of the Internet is enabling a new generation of - pUcations to support collaborative work among geographically distant users. Security in such an environment is of utmost importance to safeguard the pri vacy of the communication and to ensure the integrity of the applications. 'Secure group communications' (SGC) refers to a scenario in which a group of participants can receive and send messages to group members, in a way that outsiders are unable to glean any information even when they are able to intercept the messages. SGC is becoming extremely important for researchers and practitioners because many applications that require SGC are now widely used, such as teleconferencing, tele-medicine, real-time information services, distributed interactive simulations, collaborative work, grid computing, and the deployment of VPN (Virtual Private Networks). Even though considerable research accomplishments have been achieved in SGC, few books exist on this very important topic. The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive survey of principles and state-of-the-art techniques for secure group communications over data net works. The book is targeted towards practitioners, researchers and students in the fields of networking, security, and software applications development. The book consists of 7 chapters, which are listed and described as follows.
R 3,802.40
Analyzing Political Communication with Digital Trace Data
This book offers a framework for the analysis of political communication in election campaigns based on digital trace data that documents political behavior, interests and opinions. The author investigates the data-generating processes leading users to interact with digital services in politically relevant contexts. These interactions produce digital traces, which in turn can be analyzed to draw inferences on political events or the phenomena that give rise to them. Various factors mediate the image of political reality emerging from digital trace data, such as the users of digital services’ political interests, attitudes or attention to politics. In order to arrive at valid inferences about the political reality on the basis of digital trace data, these mediating factors have to be accounted for. The author presents this interpretative framework in a detailed analysis of Twitter messages referring to politics in the context of the 2009 federal elections in Germany. This book will appeal to scholars interested in the field of political communication, as well as practitioners active in the political arena.
R 2,341.45
Data and Communication Networks
The book constitutes selected high quality papers presented in International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies 2018 (GUCON 2018) organised by Galgotias University, India, in September 2018. It discusses issues in electrical, computer and electronics engineering and technologies. The selected papers are organised into three sections - cloud computing and computer networks; data mining and big data analysis; and bioinformatics and machine learning. In-depth discussions on various issues under these topics provides an interesting compilation for researchers, engineers, and students.
R 5,801.72
Data Communications
This book has evolved primarily from lecture notes for data communications courses taught at Georgia State University since 1969. Additional material was derived from seminar presentations that were made during this period as well as from consulting work. Teaching data communications in the College of Business Administration influenced the point of view of this material, giving it a semitechnical orientation. This point of view has been extended to the prepara tion of this book. Only those technical details were included which, it was felt, would lead the student to a better understanding of the subject. References are provided for those who desire further information in particular areas. The reader for whom this book is intended is the nontechnical person who has some knowledge of computer technology and who wishes to extend that knowledge to the field of data communications. The two key points stressed in this book are terminology and concepts. The objectives of this book are to enable the student: 1. To read articles in the field of data communications with an understand ing of their content. 2. To be able to engage in knowledgeable discussions with communica tions engineers on the subject of data communications. 3. To design and implement the hardware aspects of applications using data communications. The software that would be involved is beyond the scope of this book except where protocols are considered. v vi Preface 4. To effectively evaluate proposals for the implementation of data com munications systems.
R 1,556.94
Community Quality-of-Life Indicators: Best Cases VI
This book is the sixth in a series covering bet practices in community quality-of-life (QOL) indicators. The cases in this volume describe communities that have launched their own community indicators programs. Elements that are included in the descriptions are the history of the community indicators work within the target region, the planning of community indicators, the actual indicators that were selected, the data collection process, the reporting of the results, and the use of the indicators to guide community development decisions and public policy.
R 3,036.28
Fundamentals of Data Communication Networks
What every electrical engineering student and technical professional needs to know about data exchange across networks While most electrical engineering students learn how the individual components that make up data communication technologies work, they rarely learn how the parts work together in complete data communication networks. In part, this is due to the fact that until now there have been no texts on data communication networking written for undergraduate electrical engineering students. Based on the author’s years of classroom experience, Fundamentals of Data Communication Networks fills that gap in the pedagogical literature, providing readers with a much-needed overview of all relevant aspects of data communication networking, addressed from the perspective of the various technologies involved. The demand for information exchange in networks continues to grow at a staggering rate, and that demand will continue to mount exponentially as the number of interconnected IoT-enabled devices grows to an expected twenty-six billion by the year 2020. Never has it been more urgent for engineering students to understand the fundamental science and technology behind data communication, and this book, the first of its kind, gives them that understanding. To achieve this goal, the book: Combines signal theory, data protocols, and wireless networking concepts into one textExplores the full range of issues that affect common processes such as media downloads and online gamesAddresses services for the network layer, the transport layer, and the application layerInvestigates multiple access schemes and local area networks with coverage of services for the physical layer and the data link layerDescribes mobile communication networks and critical issues in network securityIncludes problem sets in each chapter to test and fine-tune readers’ understanding Fundamentals of Data Communication Networks is a must-read for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in electrical and computer engineering. It is also a valuable working resource for researchers, electrical engineers, and technical professionals.
R 4,412.00
Communications and Discoveries from Multidisciplinary Data
This book collects selected papers by authors for CODATA 2006, which are relevant to the acquisition of knowledge and the assessment of risk and opportunity that comes from combining data from a number of different disciplines.
R 4,662.37
Telling Stories with Data
The book equips students with the end-to-end skills needed to do data science. That means gathering, cleaning, preparing, and sharing data, then using statistical models to analyse data, writing about the results of those models, drawing conclusions from them, and finally, using the cloud to put a model into production, all done in a reproducible way.At the moment, there are a lot of books that teach data science, but most of them assume that you already have the data. This book fills that gap by detailing how to go about gathering datasets, cleaning and preparing them, before analysing them. There are also a lot of books that teach statistical modelling, but few of them teach how to communicate the results of the models and how they help us learn about the world. Very few data science textbooks cover ethics, and most of those that do, have a token ethics chapter. Finally, reproducibility is not often emphasised in data science books. This book is based around a straight-forward workflow conducted in an ethical and reproducible way: gather data, prepare data, analyse data, and communicate those findings. This book will achieve the goals by working through extensive case studies in terms of gathering and preparing data, and integrating ethics throughout. It is specifically designed around teaching how to write about the data and models, so aspects such as writing are explicitly covered. And finally, the use of GitHub and the open-source statistical language R are built in throughout the book.Key Features: Extensive code examples. Ethics integrated throughout. Reproducibility integrated throughout. Focus on data gathering, messy data, and cleaning data.Extensive formative assessment throughout.
R 5,165.00
Communications and Discoveries from Multidisciplinary Data
This book collects selected papers by authors for CODATA 2006, which are relevant to the acquisition of knowledge and the assessment of risk and opportunity that comes from combining data from a number of different disciplines.
R 5,471.46
