Resistance to Tyrants, Obedience to God

Both reason and religion have been acknowledged by scholars to have had a profound impacton the foundation and formation of the American regime. But the significance, pervasiveness,and depth of that impact have also been disputed. While many have approached the Americanfounding period with an interest in the influence of Enlightenment reason or Biblical religion,they have often assumed such influences to be exclusive, irreconcilable, or contradictory. Fewscholarly works have sought to study the mutual influence of reason and religion as intertwinedstrands shaping the American historical and political experience at its founding. The purpose ofthe chapters in this volume, authored by a distinguished group of scholars in political science,intellectual history, literature, and philosophy, is to examine how this mutual influence wasmade manifest in the American Founding—especially in the writings, speeches, and thought ofcritical figures (Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Charles Carroll), and in later works by key interpreters ofthe American Founding (Alexis de Tocqueville and Abraham Lincoln).Taken as a whole, then, this volume does not attempt to explain away the potential oppositionbetween religion and reason in the American mind of the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth- centuries, but instead argues that there is a uniquely American perspective and political thoughtthat emerges from this tension. The chapters gathered here, individually and collectively, seekto illuminate the animating affect of this tension on the political rhetoric, thought, and historyof the early American period. By taking seriously and exploring the mutual influence of thesetwo themes in creative tension, rather than seeing them as diametrically opposed or as mutuallyexclusive, this volume thus reveals how the pervasiveness and resonance of Biblical narrativesand religion supported and infused Enlightened political discourse and action at the Founding,thereby articulating the complementarity of reason and religion during this critical period.

Was America a city upon a hill, or was it just a skirmish in the larger battle between Ancients and Moderns? The essays in this volume reject these familiar alternatives and propose a third way. In so doing, they contribute to our growing understanding of the Enlightenment while at the same time forcing us to consider early American political thought in its own terms. Gish and Klinghard have put together a volume that should be essential reading for students of the early republic and for students of the Enlightenment.

Dustin Gish teaches ancient, early modern, and American constitutionalism in the Institute for the American Constitutional Heritage at the University of Oklahoma. He has published articles, book chapters, review essays, and reviews on topics in the history of political philosophy on the political thought of Homer, Xenophon, Plato, William Shakespeare, and Thomas Jefferson. His work has appeared in The Journal of Politics, History of Political Thought, Perspectives on Political Science, Polis, The Review of Politics, and Bryn Mawr Classical Review. He is also contributing co-editor of two volumes on Shakespeare’s political thought (Souls With Longing: Representations of Honor and Love in Shakespeare and Shakespeare and the Body Politic), and of The Political Thought of Xenophon.Daniel Klinghard is associate professor of political science at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, where he teaches American national government. He is the author of The Nationalization of American Political Parties, 1880-1896 (Cambridge University Press, 2010), which was awarded the Leon D. Epstein Outstanding Book Award by the Political Parties and Organizations section of the American Political Science Association. He has published in Presidential Studies Quarterly, Polity, and The Journal of Politics.