Radicals on the Road

Traveling to Hanoi during the U.S. war in Vietnam was a long and dangerous undertaking. Even though a neutral commission operated the flights, the possibility of being shot down by bombers in the air and antiaircraft guns on the ground was very real. American travelers recalled landing in blackout conditions, without lights even for the runway, and upon their arrival seeking refuge immediately in bomb shelters. Despite these dangers, they felt compelled to journey to a land at war with their own country, believing that these efforts could change the political imaginaries of other members of the American citizenry and even alter U.S. policies in Southeast Asia.In Radicals on the Road, Judy Tzu-Chun Wu tells the story of international journeys made by significant yet underrecognized historical figures such as African American leaders Robert Browne, Eldridge Cleaver, and Elaine Brown; Asian American radicals Alex Hing and Pat Sumi; Chicana activist Betita Martinez; as well as women's peace and liberation advocates Cora Weiss and Charlotte Bunch. These men and women of varying ages, races, sexual identities, class backgrounds, and religious faiths held diverse political views. Nevertheless, they all believed that the U.S. war in Vietnam was immoral and unjustified.In times of military conflict, heightened nationalism is the norm. Powerful institutions, like the government and the media, work together to promote a culture of hyperpatriotism. Some Americans, though, questioned their expected obligations and instead imagined themselves as "internationalists," as members of communities that transcended national boundaries. Their Asian political collaborators, who included Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh, Foreign Minister of the Provisional Revolutionary Government Nguyen Thi Binh and the Vietnam Women's Union, cultivated relationships with U.S. travelers. These partners from the East and the West worked together to foster what Wu describes as a politically radical orientalist sensibility. By focusing on the travels of individuals who saw themselves as part of an international community of antiwar activists, Wu analyzes how actual interactions among people from several nations inspired transnational identities and multiracial coalitions and challenged the political commitments and personal relationships of individual activists.

Radicals on the Road makes several contributions. First, it highlights the experiences of a much broader range of social actors than is usually portrayed in most of the existing literature. The book's focus on nonstate actors from diverse background who created partnerships—some successful and some quite challenging— provides valuable insight into how ideological and physical boundaries can be crossed. Second, these cases demonstrate how international travel sparked contributions to a variety of social movements, answering questions about participation, motivation, retention, and experiences in the aftermath of collective action. Finally, Radicals on the Road is a wonderful example of careful and rigorous scholarship that avoids simplistic narratives of failed partnerships or accolades to global sisterhood. Instead, it delves head first into the complexities of creating national and transnational partnerships among diverse communities for a unified goal. This contribution to me is by far the largest. In Wu's studies, social actors are never painted in black and white but rather taken in their social and historical context, illuminating what was at stake in arguments, divisions and failed partnerships and what worked in relationships that overcame such challenges., "By expanding the geopolitical framework and focalizing on the "political partnerships" between social activists of different nationalracialethnicgenderand religious backgroundsWu makes more complex the picture of social activism during the Vietnam era. In additionby focusingon travelWu shows how the discursive registers of race and gender also shift across space as they are produced and reproduced in different contexts and for different political purposes." —Quyne Nhu Le, Judy Tzu-Chun Wu has taken the theory of orientalism and applied it in a fascinating way to her study of U.S. anticolonial activists who traveled to Asia during the Vietnam War. She has combined thorough research and sophisticated analysis with lively prose to create a work that will impress an academic audience but also engage a broad readership. Wu's study undoubtedly will inspire future scholarship, including work that explores the complicated realities of the nations that the Anti-Imperialist Delegation and other U.S. activists idealized., Judy Tzu-Chun Wu's book Radicals on the Road is a valuable contribution to the growing literature on the varied and unpredictable circuits of U.S. internationalism. In particular, she privileges the role of African American, Asian American, and feminist activists in shaping an alternate vision of 'Asia,' and she argues that in the 1960s and 1970s, antiwar proponents adopted their own 'radical orientalism.'...Wu’s work opens the pathways for new research, particularly on Asian American, African American, and women’s roles in the antiwar movement...Wu’s work simultaneously respects her subjects’ radical pasts while also recognizing the limitations of their 'radical Orientalism.' In the end, antiwar activists’ 'radical orientalism' and romantic views of Asia continued to demonstrate far more about U.S. racial and political culture than they ever could reveal about the far more chaotic and contested politics of revolutionary movements in Southeast Asia., Wu seeks to broaden perspectives on the movement that opposed US involvement in Indochina, offering a racially rooted, gendered, and internationalist perspective.... A valuable work.

Judy Tzu-Chun Wu is Associate Professor of History and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at the Ohio State University.